Date of Publication :5th October 2025

Abstract: Despite extensive conservation efforts, the integrity of freshwater and marine ecosystems is in decline, highlighting a critical need for more effective and transparent monitoring frameworks. This paper addresses a significant knowledge gap by providing a comprehensive synthesis of the integration of blockchain, remote sensing, and citizen science for aquatic biodiversity monitoring. We explore how remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems provide high-resolution data on habitats and water quality, while citizen science mobilizes public engagement to expand monitoring coverage and validate ground-truth data. We then demonstrate how blockchain technology serves as a secure and immutable ledger, providing a backbone for data traceability and stakeholder trust. The review further examines how the synergy of these tools, enhanced by machine learning can overcome longstanding challenges related to data quality, interoperability, and the lack of equitable participation. We conclude by outlining a vision for integrated, interdisciplinary approaches that can sustain aquatic biodiversity and meet global conservation goals.

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