Date of Publication :5th May 2025

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic, first reported in Wuhan, China in late 2019, quickly became a global crisis. Countries implemented broad public health policies, while local governments adapted strategies to suit diverse community needs. In Indonesia, COVID-19 was declared a national disaster based on legal frameworks emphasizing public safety. The pandemic revealed systemic inequalities and highlighted the crucial role of both national and local governance in crisis response.

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